弗雷德.罗斯Fred Ross（1910年—— 1992年），美国社区组织者，画家。
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弗雷德罗斯老出生在旧金山在1910年。他开始与普通中学教学的凭据南加州大学在1936年。然而,由于大萧条他找不到工作。1937年,罗斯获得了地位与国家救灾管理做的社会工作。戒烟后他的社会工作者工作,罗斯的工作农场安全管理局,这是负责的救助计划科切拉谷地.
在约翰·斯坦贝克著名的小说,《愤怒的葡萄》的旅程和磨难,斯坦贝克描述乔德家庭,一群农民工找工作加开该地区。罗斯后来晋升为覆盖约25营地在加利福尼亚和类似于这一个亚利桑那州。在集中营里,罗斯看到了贫困和恶劣的工作条件有经验的工人。心里他发现组织的愿望,他开始通过获得员工的信任和一种自治在营里,这样工人们可以团结起来对抗,改善他们的状况。他鼓励他们发言,被听到,尽管害怕对抗权力持有者。战争结束后,罗斯的工作美国的种族关系委员会的目标是“创造团结,和结束白人和少数民族之间的骚乱…。“罗斯发起公民团结联盟在加州的保守的柑橘带,使墨西哥和美国黑人在一起战斗种族隔离。在奥兰治县,父母由罗斯赢得了一项具有里程碑意义的诉讼(门德斯诉威斯敏斯特学区)在1947年为最高法院的“布朗诉教育委员会案”,在1954年废除种族隔离的决定。罗斯开始组织和获得的利益阿林斯基的观点,一个众所周知的组织者和负责人工业区基金会。1947年9月,他聘请罗斯组织是墨西哥裔美国人洛杉矶。他在南加州组织6年前开始圣荷西,这是最大的西班牙语中心以外的洛杉矶。
罗斯在选民登记工作河滨县镇的Belltown,那里是一个公立学校的种族隔离问题。墨西哥和非洲裔美国儿童都参加一个学校英美资源集团孩子们被一辆公共汽车和另一所学校。有债券选举提供资金修复主要是英美学校,但是是没有钱花在另一个学校。主要西班牙地区的卡萨布兰卡地方行政区域,但他们的市议会代表是一个橙色种植者拒绝访问的人,解决他们的不满,因为之前的工人罢工反对他。罗斯,还有很多全国有色人种协进会工人,登记选民在这个区域和统一的西班牙裔社区投票反对在市议会选举中橙色的种植者。Belltown最终通过整合学校和债券。这次经历之后,罗斯开始相信他的类型的组织的成。从那时起,罗斯和两个广泛的程序建立的方案他们走到哪里——选民登记和公民课。
在他的组织南加州罗斯大厅会议技术开发,他很快就会教凯萨查维斯,它将成为标志的策略查维斯。尽管许多来源国家阿林斯基的观点训练有素的罗斯和查韦斯,罗斯声称它是不正确的。他说,“我已经在一年多前我遇见了他。“大厅会议技术涉及到三周内,罗斯将举行小房子会议建立一个大型组织会议设立临时人员。然后会有更多会晤了几个星期导致另一个更大的会议工作方案的一章。
Fred Ross Sr. was born in San Francisco in 1910. He started out with a general secondary teaching credential from theUniversity of Southern California in 1936. However, because of the Great Depression, he could not find employment. In 1937, Ross received a position with the state relief administration doing social work. After quitting his caseworker job, Ross worked for the Farm Security Administration, which was in charge of relief program in the Coachella Valley.
In John Steinbeck’s famous novel, The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck describes the journey and tribulations of the Joad family, a group of migrant workers looking for work in California. He describes a labor camp that was based on a real camp in Arvin. Fred Ross Sr. was placed in charge of this camp shortly after Steinbeck left the area. Ross was later promoted to cover about 25 camps similar to this one all over California and Arizona. In the camps, Ross saw the poverty and poor working conditions experienced by the workers. He found in his heart the desire to organize, and he did so by earning the trust of the workers and beginning a form of self-government in the camp so that the workers could band together to fight to improve their conditions. He encouraged them to speak up and be heard, despite the fear of confrontation with power holders. After the war, Ross worked for the American Council of Race Relations, whose goal was to “create unity, and end the riots…between whites and minorities.” Ross spearheaded Civic Unity Leagues in California's conservative Citrus Belt, bringing Mexican- and black Americans together to battle segregation. In Orange County, parents organized by Ross won a landmark lawsuit (Mendez v. Westminster School District) in 1947 that paved the way for the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education desegregation decision in 1954. Ross began organizing and obtained the interest of Saul Alinsky, a well known organizer and head of theIndustrial Areas Foundation. In September 1947, Alinsky hired Ross to organize Mexican-Americans in Los Angeles. He organized in Southern California for 6 years before moving on to San Jose, which was the largest Spanish center outside of Los Angeles.
Ross worked on voter registration in Riverside County, in the town of Belltown, where there was a segregation problem in the public schools. The Mexican and African-American children were all attending one school and the Anglo children were picked up by a bus and taken to another school. There was a bond election to provide funding to fix the predominantly Anglo school, but there was to be no money spent on the other school. The mainly Hispanic area was the Casa Blanca barrio, but their city council representative was an orange grower that refused to visit the people and address their grievances because of previous worker strikes against him. Ross, alongside numerous NAACP workers, registered voters in this area and unified the Hispanic community to vote against the orange grower in the city council election. Belltown eventually integrated the schools and the bonds passed. After this experience, Ross began to believe in the success of his type of organization. From then on, Ross and the CSO established two broad-based programs wherever they went – voter registration and citizenship classes.
It was during his organizing in Southern California that Ross developed the house-meeting technique that he would soon teach to Cesar Chavez; it would become the hallmark tactic of the UFW. Although many sources state Saul Alinsky trained Ross and Chavez, Ross claims it is not true. He says, “I’d been at it over a year before I met him.” The house-meeting technique involved about a three-week period in which Ross would hold small house meetings to build up to one large organizing meeting to set up temporary officers. Then there would be more house-meetings for several more weeks to lead up to another larger meeting to set up a working CSO chapter.
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