社会背景
它是法国大革命催生的社会思潮的产物。大革命所倡导的“自由、平等、博爱”的思想推动了个性解放和情感抒发的要求，对个人独立和自由的强调，成为浪漫主义文学的核心思想。
虽然浪漫主义精神有着悠久的的历史，但浪漫主义的兴起，却发生在法国大革命、欧洲民主运动和民族解放运动高涨时期。它反映了资产阶级上升时期对个性解放的要求，是政治上对封建领主和基督教会联合统治的反抗，也是文艺上对法国新古典主义的反抗。
启蒙运动在政治上为法国革命作了思想准备，在文艺上也为欧洲各国浪漫主义运动作了思想准备。但是，法国革命胜利后所确立的资产阶级专政和资本主义社会秩序，却宣告了启蒙运动理想的破灭。“和启蒙学者的华美语言比起来，由‘理性的胜利’建立起来的社会制度和政治制度竟是一幅令人极度失望的讽刺画。”（恩格斯）席卷欧洲的浪漫主义运动，正是当时社会各阶层对法国革命的后果以及启蒙思想家提出的“理性王国”普遍感到失望的一种反映。
思想基础
德国古典哲学和空想社会主义为浪漫主义文学提供了思想理论基础。康德、费希特等古典主义哲学家强调天才、灵感和主观能动性，把自我提到高于一切的地位，因而对浪漫主义文学强调主观精神和个人主义倾向产生过深远的影响。空想社会主义对资本主义的尖锐批判、对未来理想社会的展望预测，也对浪漫主义文学有不小的影响。
文学传统
在文学传统上，中世纪的骑士传奇与浪漫主义有直接的渊源关系，浪漫主义一词即来源于传奇一词。而18世纪英国的感伤主义文学和卢梭对感情抒发的崇尚，为19世纪浪漫主义文学的兴起和繁荣铺平了道路。
“浪漫主义”这一术语，是由“浪漫的”（Romantic，罗曼蒂克）这个形容词演化而成的。而“浪漫的”这个形容词又是从法国的“罗曼司”（Romance，即“传奇”或“小说”）转化过来的。据现有资料证明，一六五四年英国人才第一次使用“浪漫的”这一词语，大致是“传奇般的”、 “幻想的”、“不真实的”，其中明显地包含着贬意的否定性的内涵。到了十八世纪，这个词语才逐渐转变为肯定性的褒义词，它被用来评价作品，并获得"宜人的忧郁"这样一种附加的含义。
浪漫主义文学里经常可以发现的特色在于对于过去历史的批判、强调妇女和儿童、对于自然的尊重。除此之外，一些浪漫文学的作家例如纳撒尼尔·霍桑，还将他们的作品根基于超自然/神秘学和人类心理学的基础上，他们都对此深深着迷。苏格兰诗人詹姆斯·麦克佛森（James Macpherson）在1762年出版的诗集获得了国际性的名声，大为影响了早期浪漫主义文学的发展，同时也影响了后来的歌德和司各特。

浪漫主义作为欧洲文学中的一种文艺思潮，产生于十八世纪末到十九世纪初的资产阶级革命和民族解放运动高涨的年代。它在政治上反对封建专制，在艺术上与古典主义相对立，属于资本主义上升时期的一种意识形态。
十八世纪末年，随着浪漫主义思潮在欧洲文坛的勃兴，浪漫主义这一术语就用得非常流行了，并且在一七九八年法兰西学别的创作方法的名称。它反映在艺术的各个领域：德国是诗和音乐；英国是诗、小说和风景画；法国是绘画和雕刻。
欧洲的浪漫主义思潮，是在人们对启蒙运动“理性王国”的失望，对资产阶级革命中的“自由、平等、博爱”口号的幻灭和对资本主义社会秩序的不满的历史条件下产生的。”当时的作家都对现实不满，企图寻求解决社会矛盾的途径。但由于作家所持的阶级立场和政治态度不同，因而浪漫主义思潮中就形成两种对立的流派，即积极浪漫主义和消极浪漫主义。前者是进步的潮流，它引导人们向前看，后者属反动的逆流，它引导人们往后看。这种区别，实质上是对当时法国大革命和启蒙运动的两种截然不同的反响。
积极浪漫主义
敢于正视现实，批判社会的黑暗，矛头针对封建贵族，反对资本主义社会中残存的
封建因素，同时对资产阶级本身所造成的种种罪恶现象也有所揭露，因而充满反抗、战斗的激情，寄理想于未来，向往新的美好生活，有的赞成空想社会主义。代表作家有英国的拜伦，雪莱，史蒂文森，法国的雨果、乔治·桑，德国的海涅，俄国的普希金(早期)，波兰的密茨凯维支以及匈牙利的裴多菲等等。他们的生活实践和艺术实践，都是同当时资产阶级民主革命思想、与各国的民族解放运动联系在一起的，大多数作家是这些民族解放运动的积极参加者。
消极浪漫主义
消极浪漫主义者不能正视社会现实的尖锐矛盾，采取消极逃避的态度，他们的思想是同那个被推翻了的封建贵族阶级的思想意识相联系的。他们从对抗资产阶级革命运动出发，反对现状，留恋过去，美化中世纪的宗法制，幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻找精神上的安慰与寄托。消极浪漫主义的出现，实际上是被打倒的封建贵族阶级没落的思想情绪在文学上的反映。代表作家有德国的史雷格尔兄弟，即奥·史雷格尔和弗·史雷格尔，诺瓦里斯，法国的夏多布里昂，拉马丁·维尼，俄国有茹科夫斯基，英国有华兹华斯、柯勒律治，骚塞，等等。
德国
浪漫主义思潮的兴盛衰落，是由各国历史条件的特点所决定的。作为一种成型的文艺思潮首先产生在德国。由于当时德国容克贵族势力猖獗，资产阶级软弱无力，因而消极浪漫主义得势，积极浪漫主义发展迟缓。只有海涅登上文坛之后，积极浪漫主义在德国才有所起色。
英国
浪漫主义思潮发展得最完备，最规范，最有成就的当推英国。英国的浪漫主
义运动与其他国家相比，具有下列一些特色；首先，英国的浪漫主义没有形成大规模的文学运动，它是由少数作家自由活动的形式出现的。其次，英国的浪漫主义源远流长，犹如小河流水，潺潺不断，历时达一百五十年之久。早在十八世纪末，从威廉·布莱克(1757--1827)和农民诗人罗伯特·朋斯(1759--1796)等人的诗篇中，就吐露出浪漫主义的苗头，以十九世纪二十年代拜伦、雪莱的诗作为高潮，直到十九世纪末维多利亚女王(在位1837--1901)执政的时代，依然还可以从丁尼生、罗伯特·勃朗宁和他的夫人伊丽莎白·巴雷特·勃朗宁等人的诗歌中，看到浪漫主义的余声。再次，英国的浪漫主义明显地分为对立的两大派别。消极浪漫主义先于积极浪漫主义登上文艺舞台，主要代麦是华兹华斯、柯勒律治，骚塞，与之相对立的，就是以拜伦，雪莱、济慈为代表的积极浪漫主义者。
法国
法国的浪漫主义思潮，犹如大海的波涛，气势磅礴，蔚为壮观，来势迅猛，激烈异常。它的产生与发展是与封建贵族的复辟和资产阶级的反复辟斗争分不开的。浪漫主义首先从古典主义设置的种种障碍中冲杀出来，历经短兵相接的搏斗，一举获胜。继而在漫浪主义内部角返相争，积极浪漫主义者组织了包括批判现实主义作家在内的广泛的统一战线，打败了消极浪漫主义。在十九世纪二十年代以前，消极浪漫主义称王称霸，二十年代末到三十年代初，由于资产阶级在政治上的胜利，积极浪漫主义骤然兴起．并取得了主导的地位。
俄国
在俄国，浪漫主义的发展是较迟的。它在十九世纪初期才形成为一种流派。其中积极浪漫主义与俄国十二月党人运动紧密联系在一起，在贵族革命中起过显着的进步作用。代表作家有早期的普希金，雷列耶夫等。

思想
1、偏重于表现主观理想，抒发强烈的个人感情。
浪漫主义对法国大革命后的现实极为不满，往往把非资本主义的生活加以理想化；浪漫主义作家深感古典主义所宣扬的理性对文艺创作是
一种枷锁，于是强调创作的绝对自由，反对古典主义的清规戒律，要求突破文学描绘现实的范围，把情感和想象提到首要地位。他们特别重视爱情题材，对人的梦境也进行了大量的描写。
2、描写自然风光，歌颂大自然。
由于厌恶资本主义物质文明，反感庸俗丑恶的现实，对工业化的恐惧和憎恶便成为浪漫主义诗人共有的特点，而雄伟瑰丽的大自然和远方奇异的情景，则成为浪漫主义作家寄托自由理想之所在。在他们的笔下，大自然的美和崇高往往同城市生活的丑恶鄙俗形成强烈的对比，一些非凡的人物往往出没在大自然中间或奇异的和具有异国情调的环境里。他们标举卢梭的“回归自然”的主张，把自然看作一种神秘力量或某种精神境界的象征。浪漫主义作家不仅歌吟本国自然之美，而且乐于描绘异国风光，如美洲的丛林和大草原，地中海沿岸各国，少数民族的生活风俗，哥特式的建筑，古代的废墟等等。
3、酷爱描写中世纪和以往的历史。
从司各特开始，至雨果、大仲马等浪漫派小说家，许多以历史题材为描写对象。他们的描写不重在反映历史真实，而在表现自我的想象，往往只是撷取历史的一个小插曲，这个小插曲在史书上语焉不详，可以任凭作者自由驰骋。有的浪漫主义者美化了中世纪封建宗法制度，把中世纪当作“黄金时代”以与资本主义来对立。
4、重视民间文学，尤其是中世纪的民间文学。
在德国和英国，浪漫主义都是从搜集中世纪民间文学开始的，为此还提出“回到中世纪”的口号。这是因为中世纪的民间文学不受古典主义的清规戒律的束缚，其想象丰富，情感真挚，表达自由，语言通俗。
手法
1、浪漫主义文学对各种艺术形式进行了卓有成效的探索，而成就最突出的在于诗歌，其中特别引人注目的是诗体长篇小说的创造。诗体长篇小说是在诗剧的基础上发展起来的，它视野宽广，扩大了诗歌反映现实的范围。
2、浪漫主义文学惯用对比、夸张和想象，用词也倾向于华丽一路。浪漫派寻求强烈的艺术效果，追求异乎寻常的情节，描写异乎寻常的事件，刻画异乎寻常的性格，塑造出超凡、孤独的叛逆形象，这些都离不开对比、夸张和想象的手法。
3、忧郁感伤的情调为浪漫派作家所爱好。忧郁是浪漫主义者与周围现实不相协调而产生的精神状态，既有贵族的怀旧式的忧郁，也有资产阶级不满现实的忧郁，“世纪病”即是忧郁病，勒内乃其典型。

social context
It is the product of the social thought of the French revolution. The idea of "freedom, equality and fraternity" advocated by the great revolution has promoted the demand of individual liberation and emotional expression.
Although the romantic spirit has a long history, but the rise of romanticism, but in the French Revolution, the European democratic movement and the national liberation movement of the rising period. It reflects the rise of the bourgeoisie in the period of the liberation of the individual requirements, is the feudal lords and the Christian Church in the joint rule of resistance, but also on the French literature on the neo classical resistance.
The enlightenment made a mental preparation for the French Revolution in politics, and also prepared for the romantic movement in europe. However, after the victory of the French Revolution, the bourgeois dictatorship and the capitalist social order established the disillusionment of the enlightenment. "The social system and the political system established by the" victory of reason "is an extremely disappointing caricature, compared with the language of the enlightened scholar." (Engels) the romantic movement sweeping Europe is a reflection of the social strata of the French Revolution and the "rational kingdom" of the enlightenment thinkers.
ideological basis
German classical philosophy and utopian socialism provide the theoretical basis for the romantic literature. Kant and Fichte classical philosophers emphasize genius, inspiration and initiative of the self above all position, thus to romantic literature that had a far-reaching impact of subjective spirit and the tendency of individualism. The sharp criticism of utopian socialism to capitalism and the prediction of the future ideal society have a great influence on the romantic literature.
Literary tradition
In the tradition of literature, the Medieval Knight legend has a direct relationship with romanticism. In eighteenth Century, the sentimental literature in England and Rousseau's expression of feelings paved the way for the rise and prosperity of the romantic literature in the nineteenth Century.
The term "romantic", is a "romantic" (Romantic, romantic) the adjective evolved. The term "romantic" is from the French "Romance" (Romance, namely "legend" or "novel") transformed. According to the existing data show that in 1654 the British talent first used the term "romantic", roughly "legendary", "fantasy" and "real", which clearly contains derogatory negative connotation. By eighteenth Century, the word was gradually transformed into positive commendatory terms which are used to evaluate the work, and obtain a "pleasing melancholy" such an additional meaning.
The characteristic of romantic literature can often be found in the criticism of the past history, the emphasis on women and children, respect for nature. In addition, some writers of romantic literature, such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, are also fascinated by the fact that their works are based on the occult / mystical and human psychology. Scotland poet James McPherson (James Macpherson) gained international fame in 1762 published a Book of poetry, great influence on the early development of romanticism, but also influenced later Gerd and Scott.thought
1, focus on the performance of subjective ideals, to express strong personal feelings.
Romanticism is very dissatisfied with the reality after the French Revolution, and it often makes the life of non capitalism ideal
A yoke, so that the absolute freedom of creation, against the classical literature depicting real breakthrough the sacred rules of the religious order requirements, the scope of the emotion and imagination to the primary status. They pay special attention to the theme of love, the dream of a lot of people also described.
2, describe the natural scenery, praise nature.
Because the hated capitalist material civilization, vulgar and ugly reality of resentment, fear and hatred will become industrialized romantic poets shared features and magnificent of nature and the distant strange scene, become a romantic writer sustenance where free ideal. In their works, the beauty of nature and the lofty city life often ugly vulgar contrast, some special characters often appeared in the middle of nature or strange and exotic environment. They marked Rousseau's idea of "returning to nature" and regarded nature as a symbol of a mysterious force or some spiritual realm. The Romantics not only sing their own natural beauty, but also willing to describe exotic scenery, such as the American jungle and savanna, Mediterranean countries, ethnic customs, Gothic architecture, ancient ruins and so on.
3, love to describe the history of the middle ages and the past.
From the beginning of Scott, to the romantic novelists such as Hugo, and so on, many of them are described by the historical subject matter, such as the object of study, and so on. Their description is not focuses on reflecting the historical truth, and in the performance of self imagination, often just a small episode from history, this episode in history did not elaborate, could let the author freely. Some romantic beautification of the medieval feudal patriarchal system, the middle ages as "golden age" with the opposition to capitalism.
4, pay attention to folk literature, especially the Medieval Folk literature.
In Germany and the United Kingdom, romanticism is from the collection of medieval folk literature began, for this reason also proposed "back to the Middle Ages" slogan. This is because the shackles of Medieval Folk Literature from classical to the rich imagination, the sacred rules of the religious order, sincere emotion, freedom of expression, popular language.
technique
1, the romantic literature was very fruitful to explore various forms of art, and the most outstanding achievements in poetry, especially the creation of poetic novels. The poetic novels were developed in the drama on the basis of its broad vision, expand the scope of the poems reflect the reality.
2, romantic literature is used to contrast, exaggeration and imagination, the word also tend to gorgeous all the way. Romantic seeking a strong artistic effect, the pursuit of unusual plot, description of unusual events, depict unusual character, creating extraordinary, lonely rebel image, which cannot do without contrast and exaggeration and imagination technique.
3, melancholy sentimental mood for romantic writers love. Melancholy is romantic and realistic around not coordinated and mental state, both nostalgic aristocratic style of melancholy, is bourgeois discontented melancholy, "disease of the century" is a melancholic, Rene is the typical.