卡米耶·毕沙罗（Camille Pissarro，1830—1903）法国印象派大师。1830年生于安的列斯群岛的圣托马斯岛，1903年卒于巴黎。在他去世前一年，远在塔希提岛的高更写道：“他是我的老师。”在他去世后3年，“现代绘画之父”塞尚在自己的展出作品目录中恭敬地签上“保罗·塞尚，毕沙罗的学生”。
卡米耶·毕沙罗，在印象派诸位大师中，毕沙罗是惟一一个参加了印象派所有8次展览的画家，可谓最坚定的印象派艺术大师。毕沙罗是始终如一的印象派画家，是印象派的先驱，有印象派“米勒”之称。
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卡米耶·毕沙罗，在印象派诸位大师中，毕沙罗是惟一一个参加了印象派所有8次展览的画家，可谓最坚定的印象派艺术大师。毕沙罗是始终如一的印象派画家，是印象派的先驱，有印象派"米勒"之称。
1830年(出生) 7月10日，杰考布.亚伯拉罕.卡米耶.毕沙罗(Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro )生于法国圣托马斯(Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas)。母亲是蕾切尔.玛匝娜-坡美(Rachel Manzana-Pomié)，父亲亚伯拉罕.加百列.毕沙罗(Abraham Gabriel Pissaro)是一个葡萄牙-西班牙系犹太人。
1842年(12岁) 少年毕沙罗离开圣托马斯前往法国巴黎的一所寄宿学校学习。
1852年(22岁) 毕沙罗同丹麦大师弗里兹.梅尔贝(Fritz Melbye)行至委内瑞拉。
1855年(25岁) 毕沙罗再度前往巴黎，在许多著名学院(诸如École des Beaux-Arts 和 Acaidémie Suisse)和绘画大师(Jean-Baptiste-Camille.柯罗和 Charles-François.杜比尼)处求学。
1870年(40岁)普法战争爆发，毕沙罗被迫逃离在路维希安(Louveciennes)的家。
1871年(41岁) 毕沙罗返回路维希安，发现自己的寓所已被普鲁士士兵彻底摧毁。毕沙罗决定携家人至伦敦避难。
1893年(63岁) 杜兰-德鲁(Durand-Ruel)在巴黎举办了一个大型画展，其中包括46副毕沙罗的画作。
1903年(73岁) 11月13日，毕沙罗在巴黎逝世，葬于拉雪兹公墓(Père Lachaise Cemetery )。
毕沙罗自幼便对艺术表现出浓厚兴趣，但直至二十五岁才有机会到巴黎接触艺术界。他在 巴黎结识了画家柯罗，后来又在私人画室认识了莫奈、塞尚、巴齐耶、雷诺阿和西斯莱。他早期所绘画的巴黎风景，在1864 至 1870 年间均入选官方画展。1870 年，他去了伦敦逃避战火;回国后，他的作品便开始不再被官方沙龙接纳，自此，他的命运就和印象派画家紧紧扣在一起。与其他印象画家一样，他的作品同样受日本艺术所影响。他以明亮的色彩和颤动的笔触来表现当代的风景。
怀着强烈的好奇心，毕沙罗还不断探索新的技法。1885 至1890 年间，他跟随了画家秀拉(Georges-Pierre Seurat)以点描法(Pointillism)绘画，但后来又重拾原来的技巧。1892 年，画商杜朗 - 卢埃尔为他举办了大型回顾展。此后，毕沙罗潜心描绘城市景致，尤其喜欢以俯瞰的角度捕捉巴黎的街景，把焦点集中在熙熙攘攘的大街小巷上，而这类作品终为他赢得国际声誉。
毕沙罗，法国印象派大师。1903年11月13日，毕沙罗离开了人世。在他去世前一年，远在塔希提岛的高更写道:"他是我的老师。"在他去世后3年，"现代绘画之父"塞尚在自己的展出作品目录中恭敬地签上"保罗·塞尚，毕沙罗的学生"。
在印象派诸位大师中，莫奈是发起者，并且以自己的作品给这个画派命了名。但是，要说这个画派的真正领袖，那么，非毕沙罗莫属。他是惟一一个参加了印象派所有8次展览的画家，可谓最坚定的印象派艺术大师。
毕沙罗1830年7月10日出生于西印度群岛中的圣托马斯岛，祖籍法国波尔多(Bordeaux)。父亲在岛上开了个百货店，生意挺红火，算得上当地的一个富商。他希望儿子能继承自己的事业。毕沙罗呢，却在巴黎上学时迷上了绘画。回到岛上后，他在父亲的店里干活，一有空就跑到外面写生。他想专门画画，父亲不许，5年后，他毅然离家出走，流浪到委内瑞拉。在那里，他创作了自己的第一批油画。最后，父母不得不妥协，送他去法国学习绘画，在学院派大师的画室里练习人体。日子一长，他受不了学院的那种单调沉闷。他喜欢大自然，爱到学院派大师们不屑一顾的粗野的乡村里去作画。这种爱好决定了他在沙龙的命运。
1859年，他的作品入选沙龙。而其后，则连续两次落选。就在那时，他因为和母亲的女仆相爱同居，家里面因此不再给他资助。他的生活陷入了窘境。画又卖不出去。为了糊口，他甚至不得不去做油漆工---好在画刷跟油漆刷差别不大。妻子也下到田间，拼苦拼累地挣点子小钱。贫穷没有能击倒这位坚韧的画家。
1870年，毕沙罗被普法战争赶至伦敦，在那里认识了画商保罗·丢朗·吕厄，他后来成为毕沙罗艺术最重要的赞助商。而英国风景画大师康斯太勃尔、透纳等的作品则是他此行的另一个意外收获。他的色彩因此变得欢畅明亮。
由于总是被沙龙拒之门外，1874年，莫奈提出搞个独立展览，跟沙龙对抗，毕沙罗等画家大力支持。于是，一个以"无名艺术家、画家、雕塑家和版画家协会"为名组织的联展开幕了。可是，他们得到的只是一片哄笑和讥讽。当时一位极有影响的评论家说:"那些自封为艺术家的人，拿起画布、颜料和笔，胡乱涂抹一番，就算完成了自己的大作。这群家伙爱慕虚荣近乎疯狂。应该让毕沙罗懂得，树不是紫色的，天空也不是新鲜的牛油色。在乡村里，我们找不到他画的那些。"
连续几次展览的失败，连当初雄心勃勃的发起者莫奈也萌生去意。当1879年准备第四次展览时，他终于屈服，把自己的作品送向沙龙，退出了印象派团体。德加骂他是"叛徒"。这进一步加剧了团体内部的不和与分裂。
毕沙罗静静地坚守着，他没有野心，当团体内部卷入争吵之中，他的坚定、安详、平和、谦逊、智慧与热诚，不仅为他赢得了尊敬，也使他成为这个团体的稳定因素和实际上的领袖。他先后吸引了塞尚、高更、修拉、西涅克等参加联展。
毕沙罗的生活虽然充满了艰辛，但他没有怨天尤人，却在其中努力发掘诗意之美和快乐之光，他对自己的儿子说:"一切事物都有美，问题在于怎样把它表现出来。"晚年的毕沙罗仍然创作不辍，由于丢朗-吕厄的成功，他的生活也随之改善。60岁后，由于腿病，他无法再深入大自然中写生，就天天在窗边作画，直到病逝。
毕沙罗来京的其余6幅作品分别为《塞纳河和卢浮宫》、《雪中的林间大道》、《蒙福科的收获季节》、《艾拉尼的疯人院》、《埃尔米塔日花园的一角》和《蓬图瓦兹附近的艾尼丽》。
毕沙罗1830年7月10日出生时是丹麦公民，父母希望他从商，但他自幼对艺术有浓厚兴趣，并直到25岁才接触艺术。毕沙罗喜欢采用日本式模糊取景方法，以明亮的色彩和颤动的笔触表现当代风景。毕沙罗实际上是一个乡村风景画家，竭力表现人与环境的统一，从中汲取营养，表现房屋和农村的和谐一致。
《蓬图瓦兹:埃尔米塔日的坡地》是毕沙罗一家回到法国两年后画的，其全家人前后在蓬图瓦兹住了10年。毕沙罗和他的家人分别住在蓬图瓦兹高地的埃尔米塔日街区的几处房子里，这些房子都为较新的建筑，但不远处还有一个古镇，其中有一些17-18世纪的建筑物。
这些建筑在毕沙罗的笔下显得坚固和年代久远，整幅画透着健康的乡村气息，给人以丰满而古老的印象，光秃秃的树木、冒烟的烟囱以及耕得井然有序的田地构成的初秋景色更加深了这种印象。
画面所表现的力量首先来自层次鲜明的构图，作者有意在建筑物的整体和树木之间造成强烈对比，同时也源于色彩之间隐隐约约的和谐。绿色和蓝色、灰色和米黄色，甚至是烟囱管道的红色都被置于次要地位，不添加任何无用的光泽。在右边的厚实房屋上面，树木勾勒出诗一般的图案。毕沙罗擅长的这种曲折的笔法使画面显得勃勃生机，增加对角线的实际效果。人们的目光会自然投向画的上部--马图兰城堡。
卡米耶·毕沙罗，堪称印象派团体中的"中流砥柱"，尽管其他几位印象派大师的"社会知名度"比他大，但总体作用仍有所不同。
塞尚、高更等都称自己是毕沙罗的学生。他是唯一参加了印象派所有8次展览的画家。不管外界有多大的压力，也不管内部有多大的纷争，毕沙罗静静地坚守着，先后吸引了塞尚、高更、修拉、西涅克等参加联展。
出身商人之家的卡米耶·毕沙罗不愿随父亲经商。但到了法国学画，他生活窘困，画卖不掉，不得不做油漆匠来谋生。但他说:"绘画使我快乐，它是我的生命，其他无关紧要。"作家左拉在看过他1867年的《雅莱山，蓬图瓦兹》后，称他是"我们这个时代三四位大画家之一。他的笔法坚实粗放，有大师的传统。这样美丽的画幅只能出自一个诚实者之手。"
毕沙罗也曾一度追慕点彩派创始人乔治·修拉的风格，并以这种技法画了一些作品，但不久以后便认识到，点彩技术不适合自己的气质，还是要诚实地以自己的风格来创作。这幅1873年画的《蓬图瓦兹:埃尔米塔日的坡地》，仿佛能让人嗅到乡村清新气息。那专注于农时的老农，让人觉得有点像毕沙罗本人。60岁后的他，生活有所改善，但是因腿疾而不能行走，就天天在窗边作画，直到病逝。
概念释义
印象派是19世纪后半期诞生于法国的绘画流派,其代表人物有莫奈、马奈、卡米耶·毕沙罗、雷诺阿、西斯莱、德加、莫里索、巴齐约以及保罗·塞尚等。他们继承了法国现实主义(Re alism)前辈画家库尔贝"让艺术面向当代生活"的传统，使自己的创作进一步摆脱了对历史、神话、宗教等题材的依赖，摆脱了讲述故事的传统绘画程式约束，艺术家们走出画室,深入原野和乡村、街头，把对自然清新生动的感观放到了首位，认真观察沐浴在光线中的自然景色，寻求并把握色彩的冷暖变化和相互作用，以看似随意实则准确地抓住对象的迅捷手法，把变幻不居的光色效果记录在画布上，留下瞬间的永恒图像。这种取自于直接外光写生的方式和捕捉到的种种生动印象以及其所呈现的种种风格，不能不说是印象派绘画的创举和对绘画的革命。印象派美术运动的影响遍及各国，获得了辉煌的成就。直到今天，他们的作品仍然是人类最受欢迎的艺术珍宝。
印象派，也叫印象主义，19世纪60-90年代在法国兴起的画派。当时因克劳德·莫奈的油画《日出·印象》受到一位记者嘲讽而得名。1874年第一届印象派画展在巴黎卡皮西纳大道的一所公寓里举办，有31位印象派画家参展。
印象主义画家又分为重光和色彩与重造型和素描两种类型，前者以莫奈、雷诺阿为代表，后者以德加为代表，卡米耶·毕沙罗则介于两者之间。
卡米耶·毕沙罗是始终如一的印象派画家，他对印象派的重要意义甚至超过莫奈，他品德高尚赢得所有人的钦佩，在印象派画家心目中，他是这个松散大家庭的家长，因此人们尊称他为印象派的摩西(上帝的传喻者，以色列人的领袖)。
毕沙罗的父亲是法国犹太商人，指望子承父业，在毕沙罗11岁时被送往巴黎学习，17岁回家经商，但他倾心绘画，不得不在22岁时弃商从艺。他自己说"割断了我同资产阶级生活的关系"，又来到巴黎进入丹麦画家麦尔的画室学画，并在艺术学校短期学习，但他更重要的是在画室之外学习。1855年初到巴黎的年轻人遇上了万国博览会，浩如烟海的美术名作令他陶醉，更令他激动的是柯罗的风景画，从此倾心风景写生。他曾拜访过柯罗，接受大师的指点和忠告，他70年代的作品深受柯罗影响。毕沙罗十分好学，善于汲取同时代其他画家的长处并融于自己的艺术创造之中。米勒、库尔贝和杜米埃的风格都曾在他的画中出现过，这使柯罗说他不专一。在以后的年代中，尽管他还是不断追随他喜爱的大师、画家和朋友们而改变自己的画风，但莫奈对他的影响却是决定性的。1871年因战乱逃往英国结识了莫奈，从此决定了他们的事业终生连在一起，他们志同道合，互相促进。他生性随和，太易被新鲜事物所吸引，易受别人影响，但他具有大画家的气质和功力，终归没有失掉自己。他还是一位独具慧眼、宽容大度的画家，他善于发现天才和扶持天才。例如塞尚，当人们仅仅把他当着一个风格粗放、不可理喻的画家时，他却预言过塞尚将来必有大成就，而且在自己的绘画中吸收过塞尚的画法，米勒、修拉的画法他都尝试过。总之，毕沙罗所有过去所尝试过的各种风格和手法，最终都融会一气，凝聚成独具他个人的平凡而又出色的毕沙罗风格。正如他自己所希望的，终于在画面上表现了"纯净、简洁、敦厚、柔和、自由、自发性和新鲜感"。1903年11月3日，73岁的毕沙罗与世长辞。他已经活着看到印象派的普遍成就，看到它很快成为陈迹并被更多的新画派所代替，这位年迈而又永远年轻的画家，对这一切一定是非常理解和欣然接受的。《洛德希普林恩火车站》25岁的毕沙罗在万国博览会上，一下被巴比松画派的柯罗风景画吸引住了，这决定了他终生走风景写生的艺术道路。
他后来曾专程拜访过柯罗，并得到柯罗的指点和教导。60年代中期，毕沙罗是以科罗的学生自居参加沙龙画展，直到70年代他的画风还受着科罗风格的影响。在这幅作品中我们明显地感觉到运用柯罗的表现手法创作。
在这幅作品里柯罗式的单纯清新的蓝绿色调和朴素优雅、带有古典韵味的幽静气氛显而易见，画法沉稳，虽有柯罗影响，但仍然是毕沙罗的。
《通往卢弗西埃恩之路》
毕沙罗向柯罗学习，决不是生搬硬套的模仿，而是一种特有的灵敏悟性，把柯罗的画法完美地融入自己原有的熟练技巧和潇洒格调之中，以极其自然的形态出现在画面上。我们从这一幅《通往卢弗西埃恩之路》中看到的既有柯罗影子，但更多的是毕沙罗自己的清新的空气、明媚的阳光、柔和深远的云天，给人的时空和色彩的感觉妙极了，这种印象的真实感能唤起每个人如同身临其境的回忆。
《村落·冬天的印象》
在这幅《村落·冬天的印象》中，毕沙罗尝试运用塞尚式的较为阔大、稳重、坚实的笔触代替他原有细碎的笔触，其色彩也有类似塞尚式的单纯冷暖过渡，色块铺垫得厚实，富有平面感，画面很有力度和分量。但整个画面比塞尚活泼且含温情。
《菜园和花树·蓬特瓦兹的春天》
毕沙罗真正属于早期印象派风格的代表作品，形成于70年代后期，画家在1877年作的这幅《菜园和花树·蓬特瓦兹的春天》就比较典型。他运用细小的笔触点画造型，色彩的配置过渡非常微妙、丰富、沉稳与厚实，这就是我们熟悉的毕沙罗画法。这种画法和后来的修拉点彩派画法有相似之处，但内在气质不同。这幅画给人以轻松、愉快、充满生机之感，画家像是一位歌手，在用欢畅的笔触赞美春天诱人的景色。
《蒙马特大街》
毕沙罗进入晚年的成熟期，排除了外界画法对他的干扰，表现出一个充满自信的印象派的元老画家的精湛技巧和恢宏气魄，后期主要描绘繁华的城市和街道建筑，多取俯视角度。他晚年更多是从楼上居室俯视描绘街景。这幅《蒙马特大街》具有代表性。
这是一幅蒙马特大街的全景图，街道两侧尽收画面，人群流动，车水马龙，由于视角宽广，楼房林立，车马人流很小，只能凭感觉用粗笔点画出来，然而显得特别生动，加之透视准确，画中车马人流仿佛在画中移动，它描绘了现代都市的繁忙热闹场面。它预示了20世纪未来派画家所热衷描绘的景象--现代都市快速运动节奏。在这幅画上，构图宏伟，街景庄严而有气派;色彩丰富柔和，在冷暖色对比中，充满中间调子的过渡，形成一种细致而变化丰富的灰调子，但却很明亮，它显示着光的饱满，其笔触均匀而不失活泼变化，粗犷与细致融为一体，表现出毕沙罗特有的艺术风格。
Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro was born on 10 July 1830 on the island of St. Thomasto Frederick and Rachel Manzano de Pissarro.[3][4] His father was of Portuguese Jewishdescent and held French nationality. His mother was from a French-Jewish family from the island of St. Thomas.[5] His father was a merchant who came to the island from France to deal with the hardware store of a deceased uncle and married his widow. The marriage caused a stir within St. Thomas' small Jewish community because she was previously married to Frederick's uncle and according to Jewish law a man is forbidden from marrying his aunt. In subsequent years his four children were forced to attend the all-black primary school.[6] Upon his death, his will specified that his estate be split equally between the synagogue and St. Thomas' Protestant church.[7]
When Camille was twelve his father sent him to boarding school in France. He studied at the Savary Academy in Passy near Paris. While a young student, he developed an early appreciation of the French art masters. Monsieur Savary himself gave him a strong grounding in drawing and painting and suggested he draw from nature when he returned to St. Thomas, which he did when he was seventeen. However, his father preferred he work in his business, giving him a job working as a cargo clerk. He took every opportunity during those next five years at the job to practise drawing during breaks and after work.[8]
When he turned twenty-one, Danish artist Fritz Melbye, then living on St. Thomas, inspired Pissarro to take on painting as a full-time profession, becoming his teacher and friend. Pissarro then chose to leave his family and job and live in Venezuela, where he and Melbye spent the next two years working as artists in Caracas and La Guaira. He drew everything he could, including landscapes, village scenes, and numerous sketches, enough to fill up multiple sketchbooks. In 1855 he moved back to Paris where he began working as assistant to Anton Melbye, Fritz Melbye's brother.[9][10]
In Paris he worked as assistant to Danish painter Anton Melbye. He also studied paintings by other artists whose style impressed him: Courbet, Charles-François Daubigny, Jean-François Millet, and Corot. He also enrolled in various classes taught by masters, at schools such as École des Beaux-Arts and Académie Suisse. But Pissarro eventually found their teaching methods "stifling," states art historian John Rewald. This prompted him to search for alternative instruction, which he requested and received from Corot.[1]:11
His initial paintings were in accord with the standards at the time to be displayed at the Paris Salon, the official body whose academic traditions dictated the kind of art that was acceptable. The Salon's annual exhibition was essentially the only marketplace for young artists to gain exposure. As a result, Pissarro worked in the traditional and prescribed manner to satisfy the tastes of its official committee.[8]
In 1859 his first painting was accepted and exhibited. His other paintings during that period were influenced by Camille Corot, who tutored him.[11] He and Corot both shared a love of rural scenes painted from nature. It was by Corot that Pissarro was inspired to paint outdoors, also called "plein air" painting. Pissarro found Corot, along with the work ofGustave Courbet, to be "statements of pictorial truth," writes Rewald. He discussed their work often. Jean-François Milletwas another whose work he admired, especially his "sentimental renditions of rural life".[1]:12
During this period Pissarro began to understand and appreciate the importance of expressing on canvas the beauties of nature without adulteration.[1]:12 After a year in Paris, he therefore began to leave the city and paint scenes in the countryside to capture the daily reality of village life. He found the French countryside to be "picturesque," and worthy of being painted. It was still mostly agricultural and sometimes called the "golden age of the peasantry".[9]:17 Pissarro later explained the technique of painting outdoors to a student:
Corot, however, would complete his own scenic paintings back in his studio where they would often be revised to his preconceptions. Pissarro, on the other hand, preferred to finish his paintings outdoors, often at one sitting, which gave his work a more realistic feel. As a result, his art was sometimes criticised as being "vulgar," because he painted what he saw: "rutted and edged hodgepodge of bushes, mounds of earth, and trees in various stages of development." According to one source, details such as those were equivalent to today's art showing garbage cans or beer bottles on the side of a street scene. This difference in style created disagreements between Pissarro and Corot.[8]
In 1859, while attending the free school, the Académie Suisse, Pissarro became friends with a number of younger artists who likewise chose to paint in the more realistic style. Among them were Claude Monet, Armand Guillaumin and Paul Cézanne. What they shared in common was their dissatisfaction with the dictates of the Salon. Cézanne's work had been mocked at the time by the others in the school, and, writes Rewald, in his later years Cézanne "never forgot the sympathy and understanding with which Pissarro encouraged him."[1]:16 As a part of the group, Pissarro was comforted from knowing he was not alone, and that others similarly struggled with their art.
Pissarro agreed with the group about the importance of portraying individuals in natural settings, and expressed his dislike of any artifice or grandeur in his works, despite what the Salon demanded for its exhibits. In 1863 almost all of the group's paintings were rejected by the Salon, and French Emperor Napoleon III instead decided to place their paintings in a separate exhibit hall, the Salon des Refusés. However, only works of Pissarro and Cézanne were included, and the separate exhibit brought a hostile response from both the officials of the Salon and the public.[8]
In subsequent Salon exhibits of 1865 and 1866, Pissarro acknowledged his influences from Melbye and Corot, whom he listed as his masters in the catalogue. But in the exhibition of 1868 he no longer credited other artists as an influence, in effect declaring his independence as a painter. This was noted at the time by art critic and author Émile Zola, who offered his opinion:
Another writer tries to describe elements of Pissarro's style:
And though, on orders from the hanging Committee and the Marquis de Chennevières, Pissarro's paintings of Pontoise for example had been skyed, hung near the ceiling, this did not prevent Jules-Antoine Castagnary from noting that the qualities of his paintings had been observed by art lovers.[14] At the age of thirty-eight, Pissarro had begun to win himself a reputation as a landscapist to rival Corot and Daubigny.
In the late 1860s or early 1870s, Pissarro became fascinated with Japanese prints, which influenced his desire to experiment in new compositions. He described the art to his sonLucien:
In 1871 he married his mother's maid, Julie Vellay, a vineyard grower's daughter, with whom he would later have seven children. They lived outside Paris in Pontoise and later in Louveciennes, both of which places inspired many of his paintings including scenes of village life, along with rivers, woods, and people at work. He also kept in touch with the other artists of his earlier group, especially Monet, Renoir, Cézanne, and Frédéric Bazille.[8]
Pissarro met the Paris art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel, in London, who became the dealer who helped sell his art for most of his life. Durand-Ruel put him in touch with Monet who was likewise in London during this period. They both viewed the work of British landscape artists John Constable and J. M. W. Turner, which confirmed their belief that their style of open air painting gave the truest depiction of light and atmosphere, an effect that they felt could not be achieved in the studio alone. Pissarro's paintings also began to take on a more spontaneous look, with loosely blended brushstrokes and areas of impasto, giving more depth to the work.[8]
Through the paintings Pissarro completed at this time, he records Sydenham and the Norwoods at a time when they were just recently connected by railways, but prior to the expansion of suburbia. One of the largest of these paintings is a view ofSt. Bartholomew's Church at Lawrie Park Avenue, commonly known as The Avenue, Sydenham, in the collection of the London National Gallery. Twelve oil paintings date from his stay in Upper Norwood and are listed and illustrated in the catalogue raisonné prepared jointly by his fifth child Ludovic-Rodolphe Pissarro and Lionello Venturi and published in 1939. These paintings include Norwood Under the Snow, and Lordship Lane Station,[15] views of The Crystal Palace relocated from Hyde Park, Dulwich College, Sydenham Hill, All Saints Church Upper Norwood, and a lost painting of St. Stephen's Church.
Returning to France, in 1890 Pissarro again visited England and painted some ten scenes of central London. He came back again in 1892, painting in Kew Gardens and Kew Green, and also in 1897, when he produced several oils described as being ofBedford Park, Chiswick, but in fact all being of the nearby Stamford Brook area except for one of Bath Road, which runs from Stamford Brook along the south edge of Bedford Park.[16][17]
When Pissarro returned to his home in France after the war, he discovered that of the 1,500 paintings he had done over 20 years, which he was forced to leave behind when he moved to London, only 40 remained. The rest had been damaged or destroyed by the soldiers, who often used them as floor mats outside in the mud to keep their boots clean. It is assumed that many of those lost were done in the Impressionist style he was then developing, thereby "documenting the birth of Impressionism." Armand Silvestre, a critic, went so far as to call Pissarro "basically the inventor of this [Impressionist] painting"; however, Pissarro's role in the Impressionist movement was "less that of the great man of ideas than that of the good counselor and appeaser ..." "Monet ... could be seen as the guiding force."[8]:280, 283
He soon reestablished his friendships with the other Impressionist artists of his earlier group, including Cézanne, Monet, Manet, Renoir, and Degas. Pissarro now expressed his opinion to the group that he wanted an alternative to the Salon so their group could display their own unique styles.
To assist in that endeavour, in 1873 he helped establish a separate collective, called the "Société Anonyme des Artistes, Peintres, Sculpteurs et Graveurs," which included fifteen artists. Pissarro created the group's first charter and became the "pivotal" figure in establishing and holding the group together. One writer noted that with his prematurely grey beard, the forty-three-year-old Pissarro was regarded as a "wise elder and father figure" by the group.[8] Yet he was able to work alongside the other artists on equal terms due to his youthful temperament and creativity. Another writer said of him that "he has unchanging spiritual youth and the look of an ancestor who remained a young man".[9]:36
The following year, in 1874, the group held their first 'Impressionist' Exhibition, which shocked and "horrified" the critics, who primarily appreciated only scenes portraying religious, historical, or mythological settings. They found fault with the Impressionist paintings on many grounds:[8]
Pissarro showed five of his paintings, all landscapes, at the exhibit, and again Émile Zola praised his art and that of the others. In the Impressionist exhibit of 1876; however, art critic Albert Wolff complained in his review, "Try to make M. Pissarro understand that trees are not violet, that sky is not the color of fresh butter ..." Journalist and art critic Octave Mirbeau on the other hand, writes, "Camille Pissarro has been a revolutionary through the revitalized working methods with which he has endowed painting".[9]:36 According to Rewald, Pissarro had taken on an attitude more simple and natural than the other artists. He writes:
In later years, Cézanne also recalled this period and referred to Pissarro as "the first Impressionist". In 1906, a few years after Pissarro's death, Cézanne, then 67 and a role model for the new generation of artists, paid Pissarro a debt of gratitude by having himself listed in an exhibition catalogue as "Paul Cézanne, pupil of Pissarro".[1]:45
Pissarro, Degas, and American impressionist Mary Cassatt planned a journal of their original prints in the late 1870s, a project that nevertheless came to nothing when Degas withdrew.[18][8] Art historian and the artist's great-grandson Joachim Pissarro notes that they "professed a passionate disdain for the Salons and refused to exhibit at them."[7] Together they shared an "almost militant resolution" against the Salon, and through their later correspondences it is clear that their mutual admiration "was based on a kinship of ethical as well as aesthetic concerns".[7]
Cassatt had befriended Degas and Pissarro years earlier when she joined Pissarro's newly formed French Impressionist group and gave up opportunities to exhibit in the United States. She and Pissarro were often treated as "two outsiders" by the Salon since neither were French or had become French citizens. However, she was "fired up with the cause" of promoting Impressionism and looked forward to exhibiting "out of solidarity with her new friends".[19] Towards the end of the 1890s she began to distance herself from the Impressionists, avoiding Degas at times she did not have the strength to defend herself against his "wicked tongue". Instead, she came to prefer the company of "the gentle Camille Pissarro", with whom she could speak frankly about the changing attitudes toward art.[20] She once described him as a teacher "that could have taught the stones to draw correctly."[8]
By the 1880s, Pissarro began to explore new themes and methods of painting to break out of what he felt was an artistic "mire". As a result, Pissarro went back to his earlier themes by painting the life of country people, which he had done in Venezuela in his youth. Degas described Pissarro's subjects as "peasants working to make a living".[8]
However, this period also marked the end of the Impressionist period due to Pissarro's leaving the movement. As Joachim Pissarro points out, "Once such a die-hard Impressionist as Pissarro had turned his back on Impressionism, it was apparent that Impressionism had no chance of surviving ..."[9]:52
It was Pissarro's intention during this period to help "educate the public" by painting people at work or at home in realistic settings, without idealising their lives. Pierre-Auguste Renoir, in 1882, referred to Pissarro's work during this period as "revolutionary," in his attempt to portray the "common man." Pissarro himself did not use his art to overtly preach any kind of political message, however, although his preference for painting humble subjects was intended to be seen and purchased by his upper class clientele. He also began painting with a more unified brushwork along with pure strokes of color.
In 1885 he met Georges Seurat and Paul Signac,[21] both of whom relied on a more "scientific" theory of painting by using very small patches of pure colours to create the illusion of blended colours and shading when viewed from a distance. Pissarro then spent the years from 1885 to 1888 practising this more time-consuming and laborious technique, referred to as pointillism. The paintings that resulted were distinctly different from his Impressionist works, and were on display in the 1886 Impressionist Exhibition, but under a separate section, along with works by Seurat, Signac, and his son Lucien.
All four works were considered an "exception" to the eighth exhibition. Joachim Pissarro notes that virtually every reviewer who commented on Pissarro's work noted "his extraordinary capacity to change his art, revise his position and take on new challenges."[9]:52 One critic writes:
Pissarro explained the new art form as a "phase in the logical march of Impressionism",[9]:49 but he was alone among the other Impressionists with this attitude, however. Joachim Pissarro states that Pissarro thereby became the "only artist who went from Impressionism to Neo-Impressionism".
In 1884, art dealer Theo van Gogh asked Pissarro if he would take in his older brother, Vincent, as a boarder in his home. Lucien Pissarro wrote that his father was impressed by Van Gogh's work and had "foreseen the power of this artist", who was 23 years younger. Although Van Gogh never boarded with him, Pissarro did explain to him the various ways of finding and expressing light and color, ideas which he later used in his paintings, notes Lucien.[1]:43
Pissarro eventually turned away from Neo-Impressionism, claiming its system was too artificial. He explains in a letter to a friend:
However, after reverting to his earlier style, his work became, according to Rewald, "more subtle, his color scheme more refined, his drawing firmer ... So it was that Pissarro approached old age with an increased mastery."[1]:41
But the change also added to Pissarro's continual financial hardship which he felt until his 60s. His "headstrong courage and a tenacity to undertake and sustain the career of an artist", writes Joachim Pissarro, was due to his "lack of fear of the immediate repercussions" of his stylistic decisions. In addition, his work was strong enough to "bolster his morale and keep him going", he writes.[7] His Impressionist contemporaries, however, continued to view his independence as a "mark of integrity", and they turned to him for advice, referring to him as "Père Pissarro" (father Pissarro).[7]
In his older age Pissarro suffered from a recurring eye infection that prevented him from working outdoors except in warm weather. As a result of this disability, he began painting outdoor scenes while sitting by the window of hotel rooms. He often chose hotel rooms on upper levels to get a broader view. He moved around northern France and painted from hotels in Rouen, Paris, Le Havre and Dieppe. On his visits to London, he would do the same.[8]
Pissarro died in Paris on 13 November 1903 and was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery.[3]
During the period Pissarro exhibited his works, art criticArmand Silvestre had called Pissarro the "most real and most naive member" of the Impressionist group.[22] His work has also been described by art historian Diane Kelder as expressing "the same quiet dignity, sincerity, and durability that distinguished his person." She adds that "no member of the group did more to mediate the internecine disputes that threatened at times to break it apart, and no one was a more diligent proselytizer of the new painting."[22]
According to Pissarro's son, Lucien, his father painted regularly with Cézanne beginning in 1872. He recalls that Cézanne walked a few miles to join Pissarro at various settings in Pontoise. While they shared ideas during their work, the younger Cézanne wanted to study the countryside through Pissarro's eyes, as he admired Pissarro's landscapes from the 1860s. Cézanne, although only nine years younger than Pissarro, said that "he was a father for me. A man to consult and a little like the good Lord."[8]
Lucien Pissarro was taught painting by his father, and described him as a "splendid teacher, never imposing his personality on his pupil." Gauguin, who also studied under him, referred to Pissarro "as a force with which future artists would have to reckon".[9] Art historian Diane Kelder notes that it was Pissarro who introduced Gauguin, who was then a young stockbroker studying to become an artist, to Degas and Cézanne.[22] Gauguin, near the end of his career, wrote a letter to a friend in 1902, shortly before Pissarro's death:
The American impressionist Mary Cassatt, who at one point lived in Paris to study art, and joined his Impressionist group, noted that he was "such a teacher that he could have taught the stones to draw correctly."[8]
Caribbean author and scholar Derek Walcott based his book-length poem, Tiepolo's Hound (2000), on Pissarro's life.[23]
During the early 1930s throughout Europe, Jewish owners of numerous fine art masterpieces found themselves forced to give up or sell off their collections for minimal prices due to anti-Jewish laws created by the new Nazi regime. Many Jews were forced to flee Germany. When those forced into exile owned valuables, including artwork, they were often seized by officials for personal gain. In the decades after World War II, many art masterpieces were found on display in various galleries and museums in Europe and the United States. Some, as a result of legal action, were later returned to the families of the original owners. Many of the recovered paintings were then donated to the same or other museums as a gift.[24]
One such lost piece, Pissarro's 1897 oil painting, Rue St. Honoré, Apres Midi, Effet de Pluie, was discovered hanging at Madrid's government-owned museum, the Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza. In January 2011 the Spanish government denied a request by the US ambassador to return the painting.[25] At the subsequent trial in Los Angeles,[26] the court ruled that the Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection Foundation was the rightful owner.[27] Pissarro'sLe Quai Malaquais, Printemps is said to have been similarly stolen,[28] while in 1999, Pissarro's 1897 Le Boulevard de Montmartre, Matinée de Printemps appeared in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, its donor having been unaware of its pre-war provenance.[29] In January 2012, Le Marché aux Poissons(The Fish Market), a color monotype, was returned after 30 years.[30]
During his lifetime, Camille Pissarro sold few of his paintings. By the 21st century, however, his paintings were selling for millions. An auction record for the artist was set on 6 November 2007 at Christie's in New York, where a group of four paintings, Les Quatre Saisons (the Four Seasons), sold for $14,601,000 (estimate $12,000,000 – $18,000,000). In November 2009 Le Pont Boieldieu et la Gare d'Orléans, Rouen, Soleil sold for $7,026,500 at Sotheby's in New York. In February 2014 the 1897 Le Boulevard de Montmartre, Matinée de Printemps, originally owned by the German industrialist and Holocaust victimMax Silberberg (de), sold at Sotheby's in London for £19.9M, nearly five times the previous record.[31]
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