原标题：宜昌博物馆 溯源峡江文明 体味巴风楚韵（你所不知道的一级馆）
长江三峡，举世瞩目。宜昌，古称“夷陵”，素有“三峡门户”“川鄂咽喉”之称。“峡尽天开朝日出，山平水阔大城浮。”郭沫若曾这样咏叹峡江风光及宜昌城景。如今的宜昌，是一座现代化的文明都市，若想探寻悠远的峡江文明、独特的巴楚文化，不妨到宜昌博物馆走一趟。
宜昌博物馆是一座集历史、自然、民俗、古建为一体的综合性博物馆，在湖北省乃至中部地区地市级博物馆中规模最大。宜昌博物馆主体建筑面积43001平方米，展陈面积12988平方米，现有各类藏品58727件（套），其中珍贵文物1623套、2555件。
神秘文明从远古走来
走进博物馆大厅，一幅顶天立地、气势恢宏的巨大浮雕闯入眼帘。两岸青山相对出，一湾碧水奔向前。山水之间，“峡尽天开”4个大字令人心潮澎湃。
长江是中华民族的母亲河。峡江文明从远古走来。这片土地的历史，通过博物馆的“开辟鸿蒙”“远古西陵”“巴楚夷陵”“千载峡州”等展览，从地质演化、恐龙时代，到旧石器时代、新石器时代……一一铺陈开来。
5．4亿年前后，地球在较短时间内出现一系列与现代动物形态基本相同的动物种类，被称为“寒武纪生命大爆发”。宜昌博物馆展出的林乔利虫化石，可以追溯到5．18亿年前的早寒武纪时期。清江是长江一级支流，近年来，科学家在宜昌长阳一带发现了大批“清江生物群”化石，它们与上世纪80年代发现的云南“澄江生物群”同处于动物门类爆发式起源演化的极盛时期。在4351件“清江生物群”化石标本中，已分类鉴定出109个属种，其中53％为此前从未有过记录的全新属种。
生命的演进如长江奔涌不息。在宜昌博物馆“物竞天择”展区，可以看到中华鲟、白鲟标本。中华鲟是物竞天择的奇迹，它们和恐龙生活在同一时期，在地球上存续了1．4亿年，是现存最古老的脊椎动物之一。中华鲟是一种大型洄游性鱼类，生于江河而长于海洋，从幼鲟游入大海到成年鲟返回长江繁育后代，最短也需要10年。由于工业发展带来的生态环境变化，中华鲟的数量急剧下降。1982年，中华鲟研究所成立，采取了全江禁捕、限制科研用鱼、实行中华鲟放流等一系列行之有效的中华鲟保护措施。近年来，中华鲟数量已开始回升。然而，令人扼腕的是，比中华鲟更早出现在地球上的白鲟，本世纪初已宣告灭绝。在宜昌博物馆，人们可以看见白鲟的仿真模型。白鲟的消亡警醒世人：保护长江，任重道远，人与自然应和谐共生。
人类的出现，远远晚于这些古老的生灵。大约19．5万年前，长阳智人出现在宜昌长阳。博物馆里一座绿藤缠绕的山洞中，展示着长阳人的牙齿化石和长阳人头部复原雕塑。从旧石器时代到新石器时代，越来越精良的石器展示着人类手工技艺的发展。而1米多高的“太阳人”石刻，则折射着人类越来越丰富多彩的精神生活。“太阳人”石刻1998年出土于宜昌市秭归县东门头城背溪文化遗址。石刻正面用简练的线条刻画人像，身体两侧刻画星辰，头顶为光芒闪耀的太阳。这是目前在中国国境内发现的最早一件新石器时代的太阳图腾崇拜文物，为研究原始宗教、艺术、文化和社会性质提供了极为宝贵的资料。“太阳人”石刻原件现藏于湖北省博物馆。
因葛洲坝、三峡水利枢纽工程的兴建，工程所在地进行了抢救性考古挖掘，宜昌地区的新石器时代考古学文化得以清晰完整地展示给世人。城背溪文化、大溪文化、屈家岭文化、石家河文化一脉相承，展示了早期峡江文明演化发展的全貌。
文化碰撞展独特风貌
宜昌是早期巴文化和楚文化的发祥地，两种文化在此交汇、碰撞。在“巴楚夷陵”“风情三峡”等展区，丰富的文物展示了此地别具一格的历史风貌。
发现了长阳香炉石文化遗址的清江流域，被学界认为是探索早期巴人起源的重要地区。自古巴人崇虎，以虎为图腾，至今土家族人仍延续着白虎崇拜。宜昌博物馆展示了多件不同年代却有着相似造型的虎钮錞于。錞于是古代军中乐器，有钮可悬挂，以槌击之而鸣，主要用于军旅中指挥进退，也用于礼仪庆典、大型集会、宗庙社祀等活动。錞于从春秋时期开始流行，盛行于战国秦汉，之后逐渐消失。因巴人崇拜白虎，当錞于传入时，巴人沿袭了錞于的形体和音乐功能，同时对錞于加以改造创新，以虎为钮，以此物祈求虎神的保佑。
宜昌秭归是楚国历史上杰出的政治家、文学家屈原的诞生地。楚文化在宜昌留下了深深的印迹。绿锈均匀覆盖的“楚季”铜甬钟，是宜昌博物馆的镇馆之宝。2012年，白洋工业园施工建设时发掘出土了12件甬钟和1件铜鼎。其中1件甬钟上刻有铭文：“楚季宝钟氒孙廼献于公公其万年受氒福”，意思是做钟的人叫“楚季”，后来由楚季之孙献于其公（君），让“公”受万年福。这件甬钟是中国第一次发现西周时期刻有“楚季”铭文的楚国宝钟。专家组鉴定认为：宜昌万福垴遗址出土的青铜鼎、青铜编钟及铭文和陶器，年代应属于西周中晚期，是楚文化考古的重大发现和突破，填补了早期楚文化研究的空白。
历时9年修复、今年初展出的春秋木质建鼓，被誉为“华夏第一建鼓”。《左传》中便有“建鼓”的记载。唐代孔颖达解释：“建，立也，立鼓击之以为战也。”古时军队作战，要立建鼓指挥进退。建鼓也用于宴乐。建鼓鼓身为木质，不易保存，因此现今出土的先秦时期建鼓大多仅存底座或木杆，而宜昌博物馆的这件建鼓1997年出土于当阳市，由于全鼓为金丝楠木整木凿制，且保存环境较好，是国内迄今所见保存较为完整的唯一一件建鼓鼓身实物。此鼓髹黑色底漆，施红色变形窃曲纹，楚文化特色鲜明，对研究先秦音乐、军事、艺术及漆木工艺具有重要价值。
创新展示让观众驻足
巴、楚文化碰撞并绵延，在宜昌留下了20多项国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目，有兴山民歌、长江号子、宜昌丝竹、土家撒叶儿嗬、屈原故里端午习俗、当阳关陵庙会等。走进“风情三峡”展厅，仿佛进入了这些独特民俗的沉浸式体验场。镶嵌着歌舞、民俗演出显示屏、挂满相关照片的山形墙壁左右相对而出，将参观线路变成了“九曲十八弯”。三峡纤夫的代表性雕塑刚劲有力。古色古香的土家吊脚楼前，火红的花轿、悠扬的哭嫁歌将人们引入土家婚礼现场。吊脚楼内，雕塑栩栩如生，父母坐高堂，夫妻正对拜，电视屏幕上介绍着“六礼”完备、歌舞相随的土家婚俗。展厅里还有宜昌皮影、端午龙舟等，雅俗共赏，老少咸宜。
再上一层楼，顿觉天高云淡，豁然开朗，抬眼看已穿越回百年前的宜昌古城。在四层露天区域，宜昌博物馆独具匠心地设置了“古城记忆”宜昌古城风貌展。斑驳的木船停靠在浮雕的山崖栈道边，再往前便是房屋鳞次栉比的复古街巷。留光照相馆、邹郭顺铁匠铺、万顺白铁店、万长隆杂货铺等，凝聚了城市记忆。
“这里的墙砖、太师椅、屏风、窗棂、花床等都是老物件；门店、商会、文庙、牌坊等也是老宜昌城原本就有的，承载着许多老宜昌人的记忆。这里已经成为宜昌人的网红打卡地，同时也是博物馆展示的创新之举。”宜昌市博物馆馆长肖承云说，“我们的布展，既有自然景观又有人文内涵，既有历史文物又有近代民俗，可以让不同年龄、不同文化背景的观众都找到乐于驻足的地方。”
《人民日报海外版 》（ 2022年04月19日第 07版）
Original title: Yichang Museum traces the origin of Xiajiang civilization and appreciates Bafeng chuyun (the first-class museum you don't know) the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, which has attracted worldwide attention. Yichang, known as "Yiling" in ancient times, is known as "the gateway of the Three Gorges" and "the throat of Sichuan and Hubei". "The gorge is open to the sky, the sun rises, the mountains are flat, the water is broad, and the city floats." Guo Moruo once chanted the scenery of Xiajiang River and Yichang city. Yichang today is a modern civilized city. If you want to explore the distant Xiajiang civilization and the unique Bachu culture, you might as well go to Yichang Museum. Yichang museum is a comprehensive museum integrating history, nature, folk customs and ancient buildings. It is the largest among prefecture level museums in Hubei Province and even the central region. Yichang Museum has a main building area of 43001 square meters and an exhibition area of 12988 square meters. There are 58727 collections (sets), including 1623 sets and 2555 precious cultural relics. The mysterious civilization came into the Museum Hall from ancient times, and a towering and magnificent relief came into sight. The green mountains on both sides of the Strait come out relatively, and a bay of clear water rushes forward. Between the mountains and rivers, the four big characters of "gorge to the sky" are surging. The Yangtze River is the mother river of the Chinese nation. Xiajiang civilization came from ancient times. The history of this land has been unfolded from geological evolution, dinosaur age, Paleolithic age and Neolithic Age through exhibitions such as "opening up Hongmeng", "ancient Xiling", "Bachu Yiling" and "Qianzai gorge state" in the museum. Around 540 million years ago, a series of animal species with basically the same form as modern animals appeared on the earth in a relatively short time, which is known as the "Cambrian life explosion". The linjoli fossils displayed in Yichang museum can be traced back to the Early Cambrian period 518 million years ago. Qingjiang River is the first-class tributary of the Yangtze River. In recent years, scientists have found a large number of fossils of "Qingjiang biota" in Changyang, Yichang. They are in the peak period of explosive origin and evolution of fauna together with the "Chengjiang biota" found in Yunnan in the 1980s. Among 4351 fossil specimens of "Qingjiang biota", 109 genera and species have been classified and identified, of which 53% are brand-new genera and species that have never been recorded before. The evolution of life is like the Yangtze River. In the "natural selection" exhibition area of Yichang Museum, you can see the specimens of Chinese sturgeon and white sturgeon. Chinese sturgeon is a miracle of natural selection. They lived in the same period as dinosaurs and lived on the earth for 140 million years. They are one of the oldest vertebrates. Chinese sturgeon is a large migratory fish. It is born in rivers and grows in the sea. It takes at least 10 years from the young sturgeon swimming into the sea to the adult sturgeon returning to the Yangtze River to breed offspring. Due to the changes of ecological environment brought by industrial development, the number of Chinese sturgeon has decreased sharply. In 1982, the Chinese sturgeon Research Institute was established and adopted a series of effective measures for the protection of Chinese sturgeon, such as banning fishing in the whole river, limiting fish for scientific research, and releasing Chinese sturgeon. In recent years, the number of Chinese sturgeon has begun to rise. However, it is sad that the white sturgeon, which appeared on the earth earlier than the Chinese sturgeon, has been declared extinct at the beginning of this century. In Yichang Museum, people can see the simulation model of white sturgeon. The death of the white sturgeon reminds the world that protecting the Yangtze River has a long way to go, and man and nature should coexist harmoniously. Human beings appeared far later than these ancient creatures. About 195000 years ago, Changyang Homo sapiens appeared in Changyang, Yichang. In a cave surrounded by green vines in the museum, the fossils of Changyang people's teeth and the restored sculptures of Changyang people's heads are displayed. From the Paleolithic age to the Neolithic age, more and more sophisticated stone tools show the development of human handicrafts. The stone carvings of "Sun man" more than 1 meter high reflect the increasingly rich and colorful spiritual life of mankind. The stone carving of "Sun man" was unearthed at the Beixi cultural site of dongmentou City, Zigui County, Yichang City in 1998. The front of the stone carving depicts the figure with simple lines, the stars on both sides of the body, and the shining sun on the top of the head. This is the earliest solar totem worship relic of the Neolithic age found in China, which provides extremely valuable data for the study of primitive religion, art, culture and social nature. The original stone carvings of "Sun man" are now stored in Hubei Provincial Museum. The archaeological site of the Three Gorges Project and the archaeological site of the Neolithic dam in Yichang are clearly displayed to the world. Chengbeixi culture, Daxi Culture, Qujialing culture and Shijiahe culture come down in one continuous line, showing the overall picture of the evolution and development of the early Xiajiang civilization. Yichang is the birthplace of early Ba culture and Chu culture, where the two cultures meet and collide. In the exhibition areas such as "Bachu Yiling" and "Three Gorges", rich cultural relics show the unique historical features of this place. The Qingjiang River Basin, where the Changyang Xianglu stone cultural site was discovered, is considered by the academic circles to be an important area to explore the origin of the early Ba people. Since ancient times, the Ba people have worshipped the tiger and used the tiger as their totem. Up to now, the Tujia people still continue to worship the white tiger. Yichang museum shows a number of tiger buttons with similar shapes in different ages. As a result, ancient military musical instruments with buttons can be hung and sounded with hammers. They are mainly used for commanding advance and retreat in the military, as well as ceremonial celebrations, large gatherings, ancestral temples and other activities. It became popular in the spring and Autumn period, prevailed in the Warring States period, Qin and Han Dynasties, and then gradually disappeared. Because the Ba people worship the white tiger, when it was introduced, the Ba people followed its shape and musical function. At the same time, they transformed and innovated it, took the tiger as the button and prayed for the blessing of the Tiger God with it. Yichang Zigui is the birthplace of Qu Yuan, an outstanding politician and writer in the history of Chu state. Chu culture has left a deep impression in Yichang. The bronze bell of "Chu season" covered with green rust is the treasure of Yichang Museum. In 2012, 12 Yongzhong bells and 1 bronze tripod were excavated during the construction of Baiyang Industrial Park. One of the Yongzhong clocks is engraved with an inscription: "Chu Jibao Zhong's grandson is presented to his father-in-law for ten thousand years to be blessed", which means that the person who makes the clock is called "Chu Ji". Later, the grandson of Chu Ji presented it to his father-in-law (monarch), so that the "public" can be blessed for ten thousand years. This Yong bell is the first time that China has discovered the Chu national treasure clock engraved with the inscription "Chu season" in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The expert group identified that the bronze tripod, bronze chime bell, inscriptions and pottery unearthed from wanfunao site in Yichang should belong to the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, which is a major discovery and breakthrough in Chu cultural Archaeology and fills the gap in the study of early Chu culture. The wooden drum built in spring and autumn, which took nine years to repair and exhibited at the beginning of this year, is known as "the first drum built in China". "Zuo Zhuan" has the record of "Jiangu". Kong Yingda in the Tang Dynasty explained: "build, set up, set up the drum to fight as well." In ancient times, when the army fought, it was necessary to set up drums to command advance and retreat. Jiangu is also used for banquets. Jiangu drum body is made of wood, which is difficult to preserve. Therefore, most of the Jiangu drums unearthed in the pre-Qin period only have bottom seats or wooden poles. This Jiangu from Yichang museum was unearthed in Dangyang city in 1997. Because the whole drum is chiseled with whole Phoebe wood, and the preservation environment is good, it is the only one with relatively complete preservation in China so far. This drum is painted with black primer and applied with red deformation and stealing song pattern. It has distinct characteristics of Chu culture. It is of great value to the study of Pre-Qin music, military, art and lacquer wood technology. The innovative exhibition allows the audience to stop and continue the collision of Ba and Chu cultures, leaving more than 20 national intangible cultural heritage representative projects in Yichang, including Xingshan folk songs, Yangtze River trumpets, Yichang silk and bamboo, Tujia Sayer Ho, the Dragon Boat Festival custom in Qu Yuan's hometown, dangyangguan mausoleum Temple Fair, etc. Entering the exhibition hall of "Three Gorges style" seems to enter the immersive experience field of these unique folk customs. The mountain wall inlaid with song and dance, folk performance display screen and full of relevant photos comes out from the left and right, turning the visiting route into "nine bends and eighteen bends". The representative sculpture of the Three Gorges trackers is vigorous and powerful. In front of the antique Tujia stilted building, the red sedan chair and melodious wedding cry song will introduce people to the Tujia wedding scene. Inside the stilted building, the sculptures are lifelike, the parents sit in the high hall, the husband and wife are paying homage to each other, and the Tujia marriage customs with complete "six rites" and accompanying song and dance are introduced on the TV screen. In the exhibition hall, there are Yichang shadow puppets, dragon boat festival dragon boats, etc., which are enjoyed by both refined and popular tastes, suitable for young and old. On another floor, I suddenly felt the sky was high and the clouds were light. I looked up and saw that I had crossed back to the ancient city of Yichang a hundred years ago. In the open-air area on the fourth floor, Yichang Museum has creatively set up the "ancient city memory" Yichang ancient city style exhibition. Mottled wooden boats stop at the side of the relief cliff plank road, and then there are rows of retro streets with houses. Liuguang photo studio, Zou Guoshun blacksmith shop, Wanshun white iron shop, wanchanglong grocery store, etc. condense the memory of the city. "The wall tiles, master chairs, screens, window frames, flower beds, etc. here are old objects; stores, chambers of Commerce, Confucian temples, memorial archways, etc. are also inherent in the old Yichang City, carrying the memory of many old Yichang people. It has become a popular punch in place for Yichang people, and it is also an innovative move displayed in the museum." Xiao Chengyun, curator of Yichang Museum, said, "our exhibition arrangement has both natural landscape and humanistic connotation, historical relics and modern folk customs, which can make the audience of different ages and cultural backgrounds find a place to stay." Overseas edition of people's daily (edition 07, April 19, 2022)