出土《韩朋赋》纸文书残片 新疆文物考古研究所供图
出土纸文书上记载着一篇书信。新疆文物考古研究所供图
工作人员在整理新疆尉犁克亚克库都克烽燧遗址出土的文书。新华社发
克亚克库都克烽燧西立面 新疆文物考古研究所供图
大漠孤烟，雄关漫道。一座烽燧在西域矗立1200年之后被发现，引发了考古界的广泛关注。日前公布的2021年度全国十大考古新发现中，新疆尉犁克亚克库都克烽燧遗址入选。
国家文物局文物保护与考古司司长闫亚林说，新疆尉犁克亚克库都克烽燧遗址是近年来中国边疆考古、丝绸之路考古、长城考古的又一重要发现，意义深远。特别是出土的文书，是迄今为止考古遗址中出土数量最大的一批唐代文书资料。文书所记录的内容非常丰富，许多内容均为首次发现，具有极高的史料研究价值。
这些出土文书都记录了哪些内容，透露出什么样的信息，有着怎样的价值，又是如何被发现的？本报记者专访了该考古项目负责人、新疆维吾尔自治区文物考古所研究馆员胡兴军。
军事文书为揭秘“烽燧制”提供实证
“文字是中华文明最重要的载体，烽燧出土文书可谓‘一字千金’。”胡兴军说，在克亚克库都克烽燧遗址考古过程中，累计清理出土各类文物1450余件（组），其中文书883件（纸文书758件、木简119件、帛书4件、刻辞2件），其数目之多、内容之丰富，令人兴奋、惊叹。
从记录内容上看，军事文书数量最多，印证了这座烽燧的军事属性。
已完成解读的3件木简，系红柳枝削成，呈板状，长度从14.5厘米到47.5厘米不等，宽度约3厘米，厚度约0.5厘米，均为双面墨写。上面写有：“八月十九日临河烽送马铺烽”“第四排交”“十七日第一牌送沙堆”“临河烽状上当烽四面罗截一无动静”“及烽子五人并得平安开元四年八月十日烽帅蒋果。”
唐代，造纸术已经得到普遍推广，为什么还用木简？胡兴军最初颇为困惑，认真研读后他发现，木简上所记载的基本都是最基层的烽燧之间传递的情报，或向上一级要塞汇报工作的内容。木简上有明显刮削痕迹，说明曾反复使用过。最后得出的结论是：这些木简应该是文献中记载的游弈所与烽铺间“计会交牌”的实物标本。
记录内容不同，出土木简的形制也不相同。有的两端有穿孔，有的下端有凹槽，胡兴军推测系用途不同。除了“计会交牌”，还出土有记载“平安火”“都游弈”巡检制度的木简实物，均为国内首次出土，弥补了唐代军事文献记录不详的缺憾。
纸文书所记载的内容更为丰富。在一块长27厘米、宽17厘米的文书残片上，能看出有8列共计77字，“防备者，依前各牒界内所由仰加远藩探候，如有动静，火急走报，并牒榆林镇准状者。各牒讫，牒至准状，故牒。开元四年八月四日典李儿牒，判官张怀睐，六日入藏□守捉□□□十一日，守捉官觉容。”文书上还盖有朱印两方，但印文无法辨识。这一文书内容系做出的防备安排。
另一份文书上，仅有短短的20余字：“游弈所状上镇沙塠烽兵赵六德借毛袋一口，得上件烽々子”，这记述的是战备物资申领事宜。
出土文书中包含的大量军事信息主要包括：上级传达的时局战报、下发的军情命令，基层上报的日常巡查记录、将士的换防升迁、武器辎重的报废申领、军粮的收支账目、战马的疫病处理等，均为国内考古首次发现。
“在这些文书中，我们还新发现了掩耳守捉、焉耆守捉、榆林镇、临河烽、猪泉谷铺等军事机构，以及楼兰路、麻泽贼路、焉耆路等防御线路，这些军事机构和线路不见于任何记载，为研究唐代焉耆镇军镇防御体系和楼兰地区丝绸之路的变迁提供了新的一手资料。”胡兴军说。
出土文书表明，克亚克库都克烽燧遗址为唐代“沙堆烽”故址，也是一处游弈所治所，属于唐代安西四镇之一的焉耆镇下一处基层军事管理机构。结合历史文献，胡兴军团队认为，克亚克库都克烽燧始筑于长寿元年（692年）王孝杰收复安西四镇后不久，废弃于贞元六年（790年）吐蕃攻占北庭前后，大致沿用了100年时间。
“从西周至清代，烽燧在中国存在运行了数千年，通过对这座烽燧遗址的研究，可以揭秘其运行的诸多细节。”胡兴军说。
出土文书还原1200年前唐代戍边生活
除了大量的军事文书外，出土文书中还包括了书信、小说、借条、佛经等。大到典章制度、重大事件和历史人物的活动，小到私人生活的琐事均有记录，可以说是一座全面反映唐代戍边生活的“档案馆”。
一份出土文书记载：“冬景既终，春光已逼，节候相趁，新故递移，不委如何，讵表佳胜。泰为处职在镇。”可以看出，这是一名将士在冬春交替之时，写出的一封家信，道出了对家人的思念。
沙洲、河州、雍州、岐州……这些出土文书中反复出现的地名表明，唐代戍边将士大多来自千里之外的中原地区。理应四年换防一次，但当兵力不足时，无法如期换防，在出土文书中看到，有的戍卒已五六十岁仍在超期服役，对家乡的思念随着戍边时间的延长而增长。
同时，出土文书中还出现供戍边将士娱乐消遣的小说，其中就包括民间爱情故事《韩朋赋》片段。在一张长27.4厘米、最宽处18厘米的残片上，可以辨认出系楷书墨写，共六列：（前缺）箧看，若其不开，新妇有归。语未尽，出门便拜使，々者，连把接待上车，疾如风雨。朋母于是呼天唤地，贞夫曰：“呼天何益，踏地何晚，四马一去，何时可返”。朋母新妇去后，乃开箧看艳色，光影忽然唤出，飞及贞夫，此光明到宋囯，集会诸臣，入（后缺）……这一段文字描述了一个贞妇告别婆婆的情景，经过与《韩朋赋》现存版本对照，发现均不相同。
这段文书残片背面，两列27字标明了名录和日期：马宾闾元节辛崇福张思训，正月廿七日掩耳先天三年正月。“历史上，先天年号仅用了公元712年和713年这两年，此后便改年号为开元，出土文书上记载‘先天三年’表明，即便是中央政权改年号这样的大事，也无法及时传到西域地区，可能有几个月的时间差。”胡兴军说，目前可以确定，出土的《韩朋赋》文书抄写于公元714年前，丰富了这一民间故事的版本。
更令人惊喜的是，出土文书中发现了《游仙窟》的实物标本。这部小说由唐朝张鷟创作，在国内早已失传不见记载，但在日本广为流传。为了将这部珍贵文化遗产引回中国，鲁迅曾做了很多的整理工作。这次克亚克库都克烽燧遗址发掘出来的相关纸文书系国内现存最早且唯一实物标本，具有极高价值。
“伯健”“黄特”等唐代耕牛常用名也出现在出土文书中。加上出土的大量植物种子和动物骨头，还有镰刀木柄、织补渔网的木梭等实物证实，戍边将士需要一边戍守、一边种地，还得靠打猎捕鱼改善生活。出土文书还记载，一些戍卒还把“酱菜”“干菜叶”作为礼品送给上级，边塞生活的艰苦可见一斑。
值得关注的是，烽燧遗址出土文书99%为汉文书写，且多为行书和楷书，但也出土有用焉耆文书写的纸文书和木简，并提到过“于阗兵”。这表明，唐代西域地区，汉字就是当地官方通用语言文字，有部分西域先民和来自中原的将士一起守卫边疆，共同守护家园的安宁。
一烽十年，沙中淘金终得“宝”
1980年出生的胡兴军自大学毕业就到新疆文物考古研究所工作，曾参与过小河墓地等多项重要遗址、古墓的考古工作。
胡兴军的电脑桌面，是一张图片：克亚克库都克烽燧遗址孤独地矗立在荒漠无人区中，背景的蓝天碧空如洗。在历时3年的考古发掘中，这样的天气屈指可数，恶劣的气候条件和夜以继日地高强度工作，让他熬白了头。
早在2007年，胡兴军就开始接触孔雀河烽燧群。2011年，他和同事们第一次进入克亚克库都克烽燧遗址进行调查、勘探，2016年又参与了试掘。2019年，经国家文物局批准，新疆文物考古研究所对克亚克库都克烽燧遗址进行了主动性考古发掘，胡兴军担任项目负责人。
发掘之初，胡兴军和团队并没有太高的期待。考古人员在烽燧遗址坐落的沙堆四周半坡上发现了6处灰堆遗迹，其中5处为各类生活垃圾的堆积，一处为烽燧顶部垮塌后形成的堆积。出人意料的是，就是在那些堆积生活垃圾的灰堆里，特别是在1号灰堆，他们发现了大量的木简和纸文书。
这些灰堆被自然风积沙土封存，最厚处有四五米。考古队员们和建筑工人一样，在烽燧旁支起筛子，一遍遍地“筛沙子”，带着两层口罩也挡不住尘沙往口鼻中灌。藏在灰堆里的纸文书没有成卷或者大片的，都是损毁严重的碎片，经过上千年风沙沉积，成了指甲盖大小的残片，还卷成团，和荒草混在一起很难分辨。“我们就把字比较多的大纸片称为‘骆驼’，中大的称为‘羊’，小的称为‘兔子’，每发现一个‘骆驼’大家都会欢呼雀跃，但对‘兔子’我们也不放过，因为有的字少但关键，价值更高。”胡兴军说，对灰堆一点点地筛，筛了6遍，最后“筛”出了1400多件文物。
2021年，在央视《探索·发现》栏目播出的纪录片《文物里的唐代戍边生活》中，记录下克亚克库都克烽燧遗址上考古人员的一个生活画面：大漠落日的背景下，七八个汉子聚在土堆上，中间的一位举着一根长竿，挑起一个小桶，其余的人拿着手机跟家人联系。原来，荒漠无人区手机信号十分微弱，考古队员收工后得跑到附近的土堆上，挑起一部手机，其余人趁机“蹭”网。这个画面，让不少观众切实感受到了考古人员的艰辛和不易。
2021年年底，离开考古现场时，胡兴军写了一副对联：大漠孤烟甘寂寞，长河落日自辉煌。横批：一烽十年。
（本报记者 尚 杰 李 慧）
The unearthed paper document fragments of Han Pengfu are provided by Xinjiang Institute of cultural relics and archaeology. A letter is recorded on the unearthed paper document. The staff of Xinjiang Institute of cultural relics and archaeology are sorting out the documents unearthed from the keyakkuduk beacon site in Yuli, Xinjiang. Xinhua News Agency issued the picture provided by Xinjiang Institute of cultural relics and Archaeology on the west elevation of keyak kuduk beacon. There are lonely smoke in the desert and Xiongguan road. A beacon was discovered 1200 years after it stood in the western regions, which has aroused widespread concern in the archaeological community. Among the ten new archaeological discoveries announced recently in 2021, the keyakkuduk beacon site in Yuli, Xinjiang was selected. Yan Yalin, director of the Department of cultural relics protection and Archaeology of the State Administration of cultural relics, said that the kyakkuduk beacon site in Yuli, Xinjiang is another important discovery of China's Frontier Archaeology, silk road Archaeology and Great Wall Archaeology in recent years, which is of far-reaching significance. In particular, the unearthed documents are the largest batch of documents and materials of the Tang Dynasty unearthed in archaeological sites so far. The contents recorded in the documents are very rich, many of which are discovered for the first time, and have high historical data research value. What contents are recorded in these unearthed documents, what information is revealed, what value is it, and how is it discovered? Our reporter interviewed Hu Xingjun, the person in charge of the archaeological project and the research librarian of the Institute of cultural relics and Archaeology of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Military documents provide evidence for revealing the "beacon system" that "words are the most important carrier of Chinese civilization, and the unearthed documents of beacon can be described as" a thousand words of gold " Hu Xingjun said that during the archaeological process of the keyak kuduk beacon site, more than 1450 pieces (groups) of various cultural relics have been cleared up and unearthed, including 883 Chinese books (758 paper documents, 119 wooden slips, 4 silk books and 2 engraved words). The number and rich content are exciting and amazing. From the record content, the number of military documents is the largest, which confirms the military attribute of this beacon. The three wooden slips that have been interpreted are cut from red willow branches, in plate shape, ranging in length from 14.5cm to 47.5cm, about 3cm wide and about 0.5cm thick. They are all written in double-sided ink. It reads: "on August 19, Linhe Feng sent Mapu Feng", "the fourth row handed over", "on August 17, the first card sent sand pile", "Linhe Feng was deceived, the Feng was cut off on all sides, and there was no movement" and five Fengzi, and they were safe. On August 10, the fourth year of Kaiyuan, Feng Shuai Jiang Guo. " In the Tang Dynasty, papermaking has been widely promoted. Why use wooden slips? Hu Xingjun was confused at first. After careful study, he found that the information recorded on the wooden slips were basically the information transmitted between the most grass-roots beacon towers or the content of reporting work to the superior fortress. There are obvious scraping marks on the wooden slips, indicating that they have been used repeatedly. The final conclusion is that these wooden slips should be the physical specimens of the "Jihui hand over card" between the game house and the Feng shop recorded in the literature. The shape and system of unearthed wooden slips are also different with different records. Some have perforations at both ends and grooves at the lower end. Hu Xingjun speculates that the system has different uses. In addition to the "Ji Hui Jiao Pai", wooden slips recording the inspection system of "Ping'an fire" and "Du You Yi" were unearthed for the first time in China, making up for the lack of detailed military documents in the Tang Dynasty. The contents recorded in paper documents are richer. On a 27 cm long and 17 cm wide document fragment, we can see that there are eight columns with a total of 77 words, "those who are on guard, according to the yangjiayuan vassal in the previous boundary of each ultimatum, if there is any movement, report in a hurry, and send an ultimatum to Yulin town for approval. When each ultimatum is completed, the ultimatum reaches the certificate, so the ultimatum. On August 4, the fourth year of Kaiyuan Dynasty, Li Erdu, the judge Zhang Huailai, enter Tibet on the sixth day □ guard and catch □□□□ on the eleventh day, guard and catch the official's appearance." The instrument is also stamped with Zhu seal, but the seal cannot be recognized. The content of this instrument is the preventive arrangement made. On another document, there are only 20 words: "Zhao liude, the beacon soldier of Shalong town in the shape of a chess station, borrowed a wool bag and got a beacon son", which describes the application for war readiness materials. A large amount of military information contained in the unearthed documents mainly include: the current situation war report transmitted by the superior, the military intelligence order issued, the daily inspection records reported by the grass-roots level, the change and promotion of officers and soldiers, the scrapping application of weapons and baggage, the revenue and expenditure account of military grain, the treatment of epidemic diseases of war horses, etc., which are all the first discoveries of Archaeology in China. "In these documents, we have also newly discovered military institutions such as ear covering guard and capture, Yanqi guard and capture, Yulin Town, linhefeng and zhuquangupu, as well as defense lines such as Loulan Road, maze thief road and Yanqi road. These military institutions and lines are not found in any records, which provides new first-hand information for the study of the defense system of Yanqi Town in the Tang Dynasty and the changes of the Silk Road in Loulan area." Hu Xingjun said. Unearthed documents show that the keyak kuduk beacon site is the former site of the "sand pile beacon" in the Tang Dynasty. It is also a place for playing chess. It belongs to the next grass-roots military management organization in Yanqi Town, one of the four towns in Anxi in the Tang Dynasty. Combined with historical documents, Hu Xingjun's team believes that the keyak kuduk beacon was built in the first year of Changshou (692). Shortly after Wang Xiaojie recovered the four towns of Anxi, it was abandoned before and after Tubo captured Beiting in the sixth year of Zhenyuan (790), which has been used for about 100 years. "From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the beacon has existed and operated in China for thousands of years. Through the study of this beacon site, many details of its operation can be revealed." Hu Xingjun said. Unearthed documents restore the frontier life of the Tang Dynasty 1200 years ago. In addition to a large number of military documents, unearthed documents also include letters, novels, IOUs, Buddhist scriptures and so on. It can be said that it is an "archive" that comprehensively reflects the frontier garrison life of the Tang Dynasty. A native language book records: "since the winter scenery is over, the spring has been forced, and the festival is ready to take advantage of each other, the new reason is transferred. It doesn't matter how the committee is appointed, but the table is good. Tai is in the town." It can be seen that this is a family letter written by a soldier at the turn of winter and spring, which tells the thoughts of his family. Shazhou, Hezhou, Yongzhou, Qizhou... The place names that appear repeatedly in these unearthed documents show that most of the border guards in the Tang Dynasty came from the Central Plains thousands of miles away. It should be changed once every four years, but when the military strength is insufficient, it cannot be changed as scheduled. According to the unearthed documents, some garrison soldiers are still in extended service at the age of 50 or 60, and their longing for their hometown increases with the extension of garrison time. At the same time, the unearthed documents also appeared novels for the entertainment of the garrison soldiers, including the fragments of the folk love story Han Pengfu. On a fragment with a length of 27.4 cm and a width of 18 cm, it can be recognized that it is written in regular script and ink, with a total of six columns: (missing in the front) look at the trunk. If it doesn't open, the bride will return. Before the words were finished, he went out and worshipped the envoy. He even received him on the bus, as fast as wind and rain. The friend's mother then called heaven and earth, and Zhenfu said, "what good is it to call heaven? What night is it to step on the earth? When can we return when four horses go?". After the friend's mother's bride went, she opened her suitcase to see the gorgeous color, and the light and shadow suddenly came out and flew to Zhenfu. This light came to the state of song, gathered all officials, and entered (after missing)... This paragraph describes the scene of a Zhenfu saying goodbye to her mother-in-law. After comparison with the existing versions of Han Pengfu, it was found that they were different. On the back of this fragment of the document, two columns of 27 words indicate the list and date: Ma binlu, Yuan Festival, Xin Chongfu, Zhang sixun, covering the ear on the 27th of the first month, the first month of three years. "In history, the congenital year number was only used in the two years of 712 and 713 A.D., and then the year number was changed to Kaiyuan. The unearthed documents record 'congenital three years', which shows that even such a major event as the change of the year number by the central government can not be transmitted to the western regions in time, and there may be a time difference of several months." Hu Xingjun said that at present, it can be determined that the unearthed documents of Han Pengfu were copied and written before 714 A.D., which enriched the version of this folk story. What is more surprising is that the physical specimens of Youxian grottoes were found in the unearthed documents. This novel was written by Zhang Zhuo of the Tang Dynasty. It has long been lost in China, but it is widely spread in Japan. In order to bring this precious cultural heritage back to China, Lu Xun has done a lot of sorting work. The relevant paper books excavated from the keyakkuduk beacon site are the earliest and only existing physical specimens in China, which are of high value. "Bojian", "huangte" and other commonly used names of farm cattle in the Tang Dynasty also appeared in the unearthed documents. In addition, a large number of plant seeds and animal bones unearthed, as well as sickle wooden handles, wooden shuttles for mending fishing nets and other physical evidence, border guards need to guard and cultivate land at the same time, and have to improve their lives by hunting and fishing. The unearthed documents also recorded that some garrison soldiers also gave "pickles" and "dried vegetable leaves" to their superiors as gifts, which can be seen from the hardships of life in the frontier fortress. It is noteworthy that 99% of the documents unearthed at the beacon site were written in Chinese, mostly in running script and regular script, but paper documents and wooden slips written in Yanqi were also unearthed, and "Khotan soldiers" were mentioned. This shows that in the western regions of the Tang Dynasty, Chinese characters are the local official common language. Some ancestors of the western regions and soldiers from the Central Plains guarded the border and jointly guarded the peace of their homes. Hu Xingjun, born in 1980, has worked in the Xinjiang Institute of cultural relics and Archaeology since graduating from university. He has participated in the archaeological work of many important sites and ancient tombs such as Xiaohe cemetery. Hu Xingjun's computer desktop is a picture: the keyak kuduk beacon site stands alone in the desert no man's land, with a clear blue sky in the background. During the three-year archaeological excavation, such weather was rare. The bad weather conditions and high-intensity work day and night made him white. As early as 2007, Hu Xingjun began to contact the Peacock River beacon group. In 2011, he and his colleagues entered the keyak kuduk beacon site for the first time for investigation and exploration, and participated in the trial excavation in 2016. In 2019, with the approval of the State Administration of cultural relics, Xinjiang Institute of cultural relics and Archaeology conducted an active archaeological excavation of the keyakkuduk beacon site, with Hu Xingjun as the project leader. At the beginning of the excavation, Hu Xingjun and the team did not expect much. Archaeologists found six ash pile ruins on the half slope around the sand pile where the beacon site is located, including five accumulation of various domestic garbage and one accumulation formed after the collapse of the top of the beacon. Surprisingly, they found a large number of wooden slips and paper documents in the ash piles where domestic garbage was piled up, especially in ash pile No. 1. These ash piles are sealed by natural aeolian sand, with a maximum thickness of four or five meters. Like the construction workers, the archaeologists set up a sieve beside the beacon and "sifted the sand" again and again. Wearing two layers of masks, they could not stop the dust from pouring into their mouth and nose. The paper documents hidden in the ash pile are not in rolls or large pieces. They are all seriously damaged fragments. After thousands of years of wind and sand deposition, they have become fragments the size of fingernails and rolled into clusters. It is difficult to distinguish them from weeds. "We call large pieces of paper with more words' camel ', medium and large ones' sheep' and small ones' rabbit '. Everyone will cheer when they find a' camel ', but we won't let go of' rabbit ', because some words are less but key and have higher value." Hu Xingjun said that he sifted the ash pile a little bit, six times, and finally "screened" more than 1400 cultural relics